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Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle with India, by Joseph Lelyveld
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A highly original, stirring book on Mahatma Gandhi that deepens our sense of his achievements and disappointments—his success in seizing India’s imagination and shaping its independence struggle as a mass movement, his recognition late in life that few of his followers paid more than lip service to his ambitious goals of social justice for the country’s minorities, outcasts, and rural poor.
Pulitzer Prize–winner Joseph Lelyveld shows in vivid, unmatched detail how Gandhi’s sense of mission, social values, and philosophy of nonviolent resistance were shaped on another subcontinent—during two decades in South Africa—and then tested by an India that quickly learned to revere him as a Mahatma, or “Great Soul,” while following him only a small part of the way to the social transformation he envisioned. The man himself emerges as one of history’s most remarkable self-creations, a prosperous lawyer who became an ascetic in a loincloth wholly dedicated to political and social action. Lelyveld leads us step-by-step through the heroic—and tragic—last months of this selfless leader’s long campaign when his nonviolent efforts culminated in the partition of India, the creation of Pakistan, and a bloodbath of ethnic cleansing that ended only with his own assassination.
India and its politicians were ready to place Gandhi on a pedestal as “Father of the Nation” but were less inclined to embrace his teachings. Muslim support, crucial in his rise to leadership, soon waned, and the oppressed untouchables—for whom Gandhi spoke to Hindus as a whole—produced their own leaders.
Here is a vital, brilliant reconsideration of Gandhi’s extraordinary struggles on two continents, of his fierce but, finally, unfulfilled hopes, and of his ever-evolving legacy, which more than six decades after his death still ensures his place as India’s social conscience—and not just India’s.
- Sales Rank: #718741 in Books
- Published on: 2012-04-03
- Released on: 2012-04-03
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 8.00" h x .89" w x 5.18" l, .90 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 448 pages
Amazon.com Review
Amazon Best Books of the Month, April 2011: With Great Soul, Pulitzer Prize-winner Joseph Lelyveld accomplishes the difficult task of humanizing the fabled "Mahatma." Utterly unafraid of depicting Gandhi's less palatable tendencies--shameless self-promotion, inscrutable sexual mores, and an often narrow and ethnically specific application of his evolving political tenets--Lelyveld instead stands the man up against the myth. Comprehensively researched and confidently written, Lelyveld's exploration of Gandhi's politically formative years in South Africa, and the international profile he later secured in India, demonstrates laudable (if not unflinching) critical distance from his subject. It takes a brave biographer to pull this off respectfully. (See Christopher Hitchens’s book on Mother Theresa for a contrary and maudlin example.) Lelyveld is up to the job, delivering an ultimately indispensable take on the flesh-and-blood man who may have been his own best hagiographer. Everyone with an interest in Gandhi--from incurable skeptics to unabashed devotees--should find much to learn from one of the year’s best biographies to date. --Jason Kirk
From Publishers Weekly
In this rigorous biography of India's beloved political and spiritual leader, Lelyveld (Move Your Shadow) offers an unexpected perspective on Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869–1948), one that focuses more on his failures and vexations than triumphs. Gandhi dreamed of Hindu-Muslim solidarity in a united, autonomous India (a hope dashed with the 1947 partition that split off Pakistan); acceptance of lower castes by upper-caste Hindus (still only partially accomplished); an economy built around cottage industries in self-sufficient villages (a quixotic fantasy). This program proved far more difficult than evicting the British, Lelyveld notes, and earned the Mahatma hatred—and, finally, assassination—in an India riven by sectarian animosity and caste prejudice. Lelyveld pairs a sympathetic but critical analysis of Gandhi's politics with a vivid portrait of the Mahatma's charismatic strangeness: his makeover from business-suited, English-educated upper-caste lawyer to loincloth-clad sage; his odd diet and abhorrence of sex; his strained family life. A stirring, evenhanded account that relates the failure of Gandhi's politics of saintliness while attesting to its enduring power. Photos. (Mar.)
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From Booklist
Not a straightforward biographer of Gandhi, Lelyveld questions certain episodes in Gandhi’s arc “to understand his life as he lived it.” He begins with Gandhi’s stint in South Africa as a suited-up young lawyer, querying Gandhi’s personal and public actions during the two decades he lived in that country. Disturbed by the apparent indifference of the campaigner of equal rights for Indians to the same for black Africans, Lelyveld fixes Gandhi’s spiritual transformation to his witnessing a 1906 Zulu revolt. If Gandhi shed biases along with Western attire when he returned to British India in 1915, he brought with him nascent ideas about leading nonviolent social movements. India, however, was a vastly more complex society in which to realize his visions than was his South African proving ground. Lelyveld attempts in particular to capture Gandhi’s thinking about bridging the Muslim-Hindu divide and doing away with the caste system, neither of which Gandhi was able to effect. Plumbing Gandhi’s inner evolutions over his eventful lifetime, Lelyveld releases him from the Mahatma image and returns Gandhi to his humanity, in all its eccentricity. --Gilbert Taylor
Most helpful customer reviews
53 of 58 people found the following review helpful.
Serious, scholarly, fun to read...and an original contribution
By S. Mitra
This is a carefully researched, judicious and exceedingly well written interpretive biography of Gandhi. However, it is not a biography in the usual sense- you need to be familiar with the broad contours of Gandhi's political life and India's freedom struggle to appreciate this book- the author assumes quite a bit of knowledge. If you didn't know anything about this period, you might be puzzled about why Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs were massacring each other in the late 1930's to 1940's and various other issues. Joseph Lelyveld rarely stops to explain complex political issues/movements during this time, he assumes you are already familiar with the material (as I was). Here are a few other points about this book.
1) Before reading this book, I believed that Gandhi was a great man. (based on my study of his life, not just because he was a national/global icon). I still do. In another book, an author (Patrick French) calls Gandhi "the most influential political campaigner of the 20th century" - thats a quick but accurate assessment. Gandhi was also a moral leader. (The author will agree with all this). But Gandhi also had significant political, personal and moral failings, so he was not a saint. Saints exist only in apocryphal religious tales or in the imagination of weak men who are looking for others to worship. In the real world, we are all human. Joseph Lelyveld doesn't want to dismiss or explain away Gandhi's flaws (as some hagiographers has done), nor does he intend to exaggerate them or take statements made by him out of context. He shows his quality as a researcher in how carefully he handles various episodes of Gandhi's life and in the judicious manner he reaches his conclusions. There isn't the slightest hint of sensationalism, nor is there any kind of personal or political agendas. Please note that the Amazon.com review of this book is needlessly negative, the author doesn't set out to trash Gandhi or destroy his reputation - if you read the book, you will find that the author admires plenty of things about Gandhi,(so the title of the book "Great Soul" is not ironical), but he doesn't place Gandhi on a pedestal. Gandhi had his failings, as all of us do.
2) In India, many people were angry about the book, because allegedly Gandhi has been called "racist and bisexual" in this book! This is FALSE. However, the book is not banned in India, as one reviewer incorrectly stated. A British nationalist hack, Andrew Roberts was (very regrettably) allowed to review the book in the Wall Street Journal, which didn't help matters. Gandhi probably wasn't bisexual - and even if he was, would that reduce your respect for him, assuming you aren't an anti-gay bigot yourself? On racism, Gandhi did have some prejudices against black Africans and made very little attempt to know them intimately or make common cause with them in spite of his two decade long stay in South Africa (with some exceptions). To me, it is not news that Gandhi initially had some of the same prejudices that many Indians or British people of his time had. (Thomas Jefferson doesn't stop being a great leader because he had slaves!). What is more important is that he was able to rise above those prejudices, both in his personal life and as a leader to write "If we look into the future, is it not a heritage we have to leave to posterity, that all the different races commingle and produce a civilization that perhaps the world has not yet seen? There are differences and misunderstandings, but I do believe, in the words of the sacred hymn- we shall know each other better when the mists have rolled away".
3) Gandhi didn't think of the freedom struggle just in terms of driving out the British. He thought real freedom would also require a fight against the worst forms of caste discrimination, namely untouchability. And he also repeatedly emphasized the importance of bridging the divide between Hindus and Muslims in India. His different objectives created some contradictions in his political life which he found difficult to handle. For example, to end British colonialism, he had to unite all Indians against foreign rule - to end caste discrimination, he had to fight the Hindu upper caste orthodoxy- which will divide the Hindus. When he failed to condemn the caste system in entirety, lower caste activists criticized him for hypocrisy (they still do). We might say he had too many things on his plate. And of course, he had plenty of eccentric views on things like diet and sex! Another thing about Gandhi - as the many quotes in this book will reveal and as the author himself says - he wrote great English!
4) Hate the sin, not the sinner- how many of us can even try to do that? Gandhi didn't merely try, he succeeded. He was adamant about the need for Indian freedom fighters to be completely free of ANY animosity towards the British. In fact, Gandhi even tried to convince British officials of his point of view by arguments and moral persuasion. When he was criticized by Hindu traditionalists defending caste discrimination or by Muslim/Hindu religious fanatics, he often invited them for long chats/discussions irrespective of how violent or virulent their opposition to him was. As a political leader, he established a model for non-violent political agitation that has since been followed by countless others. (Of course, it can't work against Nazis or military dictatorships which don't care at all about the rule of law). He was also pretty media-savvy in the way he devised his political campaigns and the images he used (think of the salt march) and he frquently managed to put the British on the defensive. Above all, it is his fearlessness in the face of violent threats that makes him a "great soul".
5) I think Lelyveld is a little too pessimistic about India's social or economic progress since independence. (He doesn't say this, but this seems to be the case from some of his statements). I am not saying he is wrong- its a matter of different perspectives. But there has been impressive progress in many ways- both in fighting caste discrimination and in economic development/poverty alleviation. Chistophe Jaffrelot- one of the top experts on Indian politics thinks that the empowerment of the lower castes in Indian politics amounts to a "silent revolution". Think of the changes in Indian society/politics between 1900 and 2010. In very few countries have this much change been accomplished without any large scale violence. People from the lowest caste have succeeded in becoming Vice Chancellors of universities, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India and there are dozens of very rich Indian businessmen who have a lower caste background. If he was alive today, Gandhi would be happy with all the progress disadvantaged Indians have been able to make since independence. However, many lower caste activists will agree with the author that progress has been quite slow - even today 50% of the lowest caste people are below the poverty line and we continue to hear horrendous tales of discrimination and violence from rural India. Of course, India being among the few developing countries which chose to become a democracy, the kind of social change where a leader imposes his vision on the rest of the society was not possible. India's first PM Jawaharlal Nehru was a great modernizer, but even he had to struggle for eight years to get some laws passed in India's parliament which would guarantee (roughly) equal rights for women. The bills were introduced in 1951 and could only be passed by 1959.
Overall, I strongly recommend this book- this is a very thoughtful biography of Gandhi, but to get a lot out of it, you have to have some knowledge of Indian history/politics in the 20th century. I had read two biographies of Gandhi prior to this, but I still learnt a lot from this biography- the other biographies were good, but this one is the best. There is no sentimentalism of any kind- only calm perceptive analysis.
78 of 90 people found the following review helpful.
Has anyone really read this book?
By Bookasuarus Rex
Reading the other reviews, I almost get the feeling that this book is like the Bible -- people have it, they read a few chapters, and then they put it down. Most regard the Bible as the Word of God; the rest as a collection of myths.
There seem to be two schools of readers here. Those who like Gandhi and those who don't. One at least has the honesty to say he never read the book, though for the life of me I cannot understand why his review of the book is even included here.
Anyway, I read the book, and have to say that the author is neither the bogyman nor a hagiographer. He is an investigative reporter and he writes as such. The sad thing is that he does not write well. The first third of the book seems to jump from event to event as he attempts to show how Gandhi's experiences in Africa shaped his thoughts and actions in India. The result is a mishmash of stories that seem disjointed and confusing. He would have done better to stay with strict narrative.
Probably what angers people most is his assertion that Gandhi had homoerotic feelings for one of his disciples, though he never says that Gandhi acted out on those feelings. The other bone of contention is that he views with skepticism some of Gandhi's recollections as published in his Autobiography, My Experiments with Truth. In this respect, having pursued some of Gandhi's earlier statements in newspapers and interviews, Levyweld is true to his task as an investigative reporter.
Overall I have to give this work a three simply because I found it to be hard to read and poorly organized.
42 of 47 people found the following review helpful.
'To err is human, to forgive is divine'
By Grady Harp
Reading Joseph Lelyveld's sensitive and informative biography of the life of Mahatma Gandhi is enriching in many ways: the quality of writing is first class, the manner in which he shares the entire spectrum of the life of one of the greatest contemporary philosophers of man is both learned and involving, and the ability to discuss the human aspects of a man who has been all but officially canonized takes great courage. GREAT SOUL: MAHATMA GANDHI AND HIS STRUGGLE WITH INDIA is most assuredly an apt title for this new study of the life of Gandhi because as soon as the book appeared it was banned in India and in other places where Gandhi's influence is considered akin to heavenly. And that is sad, because a careful reading of this book simply reveals those controversial aspects of a man whose life was anything but understandable as he was living it, and bringing to readers' attention the aspects of Gandhi that allow us to see that indeed he was very human, struggling with not only attempting to unite Hindus and Muslims, but also with racism and pacifism and vegetarianism, the South African cultural influence on his thoughts and so forth.
The primary reason for the censorship and reader condemnation of this book seems to center on the discussion of Gandhi's long-term intimate relationship with the German Jewish bodybuilder Hermann Kallenbach. Yes, there are 'love letters' between the two men, but Gandhi managed to cope with the central focus of his affection with a similar focus on his wife and his young nieces, etc. What Lelyveld seems to be doing is examining the relationship between Gandhi's approach to South Africa and India, working to define how this great thinker arrived at his concept of satyagraha. 'This is defined as resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience, a philosophy firmly founded upon ahimsa (nonviolence). This concept helped India gain independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.' The relationship with Kallenbach is simply an aside.
How a man who gave so much of himself to the welfare of society could be condemned for an intimate relationship with another man is a conundrum. The only solution to understanding the importance of this book is to read it. And it deserves to be read! Grady Harp, April 11
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